Traditional Handcrafts
Posted on Pr� Kas, 20 by Administrator
Traditional HandCrafts
Felting:
The felt, which was made by being cooked in the bath with manpower in the past, is now cooked in machines. The names of the people who made it and have it made are written on the felt, and motifs and figures consisting of blue, red and green colors are embroidered on the felts. Railway, hub, star, ceiling, moon and star are some of the motifs embroidered on Afyonkarahisar felts. Some of the felt types are as follows: Kepenek, embroidered felt, baby felt, belleme, fez, Mevlevi stag, vest, horse felt, prayer rug and so on. Felt shopkeepers, who made their felts in the old way, whose livelihood is felt making, still continues this profession.
Harness:
Afyonkarahisar is one of the handicrafts that date back to ancient times. It is a handicraft branch that deals with the production of leather products such as handstand, paldim, bridle, sugar, arrow belt, and thong, which are necessary for horses to run on a carriage. The harnessers in Afyonkarahisar, after smearing the buffalo skins bought from the butchers, turn them into straps and then make their harness. Fringe and tassels made of cast iron are placed on the harness for decoration. Interest in harness is almost nonexistent today.
Horse Carriage:
It is a handicraft developed in parallel with harnessing. Carts decorated with landscape paintings are made from various workshops in the city, which are extremely robust and carefully painted. The horse carriages sold in the surrounding provinces are produced in various forms such as spring crossbars and phaetons.
Spring trolleys are generally built with a single horse and their wheels are covered with rubber. There are springs in front of and behind the car to prevent vibration. It is customary to write the name of the builder on the spring cart.
Tatar chariot is built with a double horse. The case sits on the axle and its wheels are covered with iron. That's why they are so shocking.
Since phaetons are the luxury vehicles of past times, they are extremely ornamented, thin, elegant and light. Double horse. It is made in a way that can be opened at will with a bellows coating. In addition to paint, the ornament is enriched with brass push buttons.
Blacksmithing and Copperwork:
Although it was very important in the past, today it is a handicraft that has lost its characteristics. Industrialization has greatly influenced these two handicrafts. Blacksmiths in Afyonkarahisar mainly make many items such as overhead chain, buckles, swivels, scraps, handles, francs and rasps, gem, hıltar, buttons. The items he works on the most in his coppersmiths are various such as jug, cauldron, plate and pots.
Feeding:
The most important feature of Afyonkarahisar bowls is that they are sewn with short and long faces, they are sewn inside out, and they are sewn from the shore. Well-made yemen can be worn for two years in summer and winter under normal conditions.
Kilim making:
In Emirdağ villages, items such as sacks, bridal harhar, prayer rug, terki saddlebags, pillows and cicim are woven in addition to rugs and cymbals. The analogy names given to the motifs used in these weavings and the compositions based on certain expressions are almost the language of the rugs. Bride finger, girl's shadow, girl's cheek, crane mule, seher bird, dirty burn, ram horn, oh girl, hand on waist, star, turtle, half cross, cross are the names of some motifs used in Emirdağ rugs. The wool of rugs and similar items woven is also spun by Turkmen women and dyed with madder. Turkmen Kilims, which are also woven on simple looms, are among the unique handicraft products. Afyonkarahisar-Bayat-Dinar-Sincanlı-Hocalar Districts Social Solidarity Institutions and Afyon Kocatepe University Emirdağ Vocational High School Carpet and Rug Department, which started production with madder in recent years, have difficulties in meeting the demand. Especially the reputation of rugs woven in Bayat district has extended abroad.
Straw and Boyra Knitting:
In Yakasinek town and Taşköprü, some old people weave mat and boyra. Straw is used by processing a kind of aquatic plant called Kındıra, which grows mostly in Akşehir and Eber lakes, and weaving it on simple looms and laying under carpets and rugs. Boyra (reed mat), which grows in Akşehir and Eber lakes, is knitted on the loom after the reed is processed and used to prevent the seepage of sawdust and soil to be thrown on the ceilings of wooden houses, and is also used as decoration and camouflage material in various places. However, developing technological innovations have led to a decrease in the interest towards mat and stature, which we have explained above.
Marble:
Marbles are stones made of classical crystals. These were formed as a result of the alteration of limestones and sometimes by the effect of dalomitic temperature and pressure. The composition of the marbles is calcium carbonate and very little calcium and magnesium carbonate.
The marble quarries dating back to very old times in 313 BC are 25 km from Afyonkarahisar. It has gained intensity in Iscehisar district, which is located away. These marble quarries, which were used in the Gregorian period, are still operated. The stones that were fragmented by primitive methods in the past are today prevented by cutting them with modern tools (diamond wires) and removing them into blocks.
Of the marbles extracted in ancient times; It was transported by road to the ancient city of Ephesus and from there to Rome by ships; It has been documented that it was used in many buildings in the Vatican and Rome and that these marbles were sent from Iscehisar.
Marble is in a position of increasing use and prevalence in our developing country, which has been tried to be noticed in recent years.
With the recognition of Turkish marble inside and outside, its value as aesthetic and natural material in architecture has been understood. It adds aesthetics with its use in landscaping in touristic facilities, landscape architecture, monuments and ornaments in cities. It provides an authentic look where it is used in different ways as a result of its use with copper, aluminum, metal, wood, tile, mosaic and steel, as well as marble is used in one piece. It affects the tourism industry and develops in parallel.
In souvenirs and handicrafts, stove, sink, kitchen counter, table and table top (round, oval, ellipse, rectangular, square asymmetric), ornament and office equipment, chess set, lampshade, wall lamp, chandelier, flowerpot, vase, metal and Metal-free cigarette ashtrays, sugar bowls, cups, liquor sets, frames, bathtubs and many other items are made by skilled craftsmen.
The grain diameters, veins and appearances of Afyonkarahisar marble are also different. According to these differences, the stones were named as white, cotton white, white yellow, pink yellow, gray, violet, tiger skin, dovetail and sky marble. Among these, the most processed types are Afyon cream, Afyon yellow, Afyon suma kisi, Afyon smoke dirt, Afyon bulgur and tiger hide. Marble processing, which is called as chimneyless industry, develops day by day, conscious investment is made in marble industry branches and the value of white gold is better understood.
Carpet weaving:
Items such as prayer rugs, pillows, saddlebags and bags are woven. In recent years, Isparta type carpet weaving has developed through cooperatives and Sümerbank. Rug motifs are dominant in the carpets woven by the people. Commercial carpets, on the other hand, are embroidered with the patterns given by the carpet makers. Carpet weaving has become a family economy and a source of income in the districts of Dazkırı, Dinar, Sandıklı and Şuhut. In the Dazkırı region, starting from the wool belonging to the private sector, carpet weaving, carpet sales departments showing all houses in an authentic environment attract great attention of tourists.
Knitting:
Knitting, which is the field of work where people use sheep wool in the most primitive way, is one of the common handicrafts in Afyonkarahisar. Sheep wool is made into items such as socks, gloves, sweaters and underwear using simple tools such as kirman, comb, skewers and spindles. When there are men's socks to be knitted, flat knit or self-motif knitting types are mostly used. Stockings are knitted at knee height. Women's socks are embroidered. Colorful motifs and embroidery are rich and beautiful. Socks knit with five skewers.
Lace and Embroidery:
They are handicraft products for decoration that women make to make use of their leisure time. Laces are knitted using white or cream thread. Lace, which are knitted and combined individually or knitted as a whole, are placed on the edges of items such as bed sheets, pillows, and chests, as well as water sets, room sets, coffee table cover, bedstead set, table cloth. Okra, fan, spider, tulips, railroad, goose leg, elti eltiye bust, mother-in-law's fist are some of the countless examples used in lace.
Oyas; It is knitted with tools such as crochet, needle, shuttle, hairpin. It is very showy. Embroidery made with colored threads, some using beads and sequins, is threaded into cheesecloth and writing edges. The names of some of the examples used in lace are as follows. Such as drunken legs, bulldog eyes, cloves, almonds, hydrangea, daily lace, flake lace.
Laces and lace are indispensable dowry items for girls. In Afyonkarahisar, the dowry of girls is started to be prepared while they are in their cradle.
Fence Printing
Elazig is a traditional handicraft that was widespread in the past and continues to be effective in limited circles today. The dictionary meaning of fence is: cotton headscarf, which means writing. "The word Çit is used in different meanings in various parts of Anatolia." It is used in Kars and Isparta circles with its name in Elazig.
Experts see Elazığ fence printing as an extension of the Anatolian art of writing, in other words, the art of fabric printing with wooden molds. Fabrics patterned with the printing technique that takes the place of embroidery in decoration are also called fence in the region. In Elazig, the process of fabric printing with a wooden mold on the fence is known and known with the local naming "fence printing" and the related branch "hedging". "The fences printed in Elazig are technically included in the mold printing group". In terms of coloring, mostly one type of "charcoal" fences are printed.
The fences, which were printed with the plate printing technique, used to be headscarves, quilt faces, tablecloths, bed covers, bundles, gay (men's shirts), and dress fabrics. Today, examples such as tablecloths, cedar cover, bundles, napkins, prayer rugs are printed. In addition to these printed fences, which are used as clothing and household equipment, "partridge trout" and "maşraf" (wardrobe cover, bed sheet) are also printed. Another basic element in fence printing is the preparation of molds for printing. Pear wood is used in carving, which is an art in itself.
It is known that the unique art of fence printing in Harput has a history of 200 years. Most of the motifs are taken from nature. Flower types, leaves, branch motifs, animal figures such as bird, rooster, wolf, deer, lion, camel are also used. Courses were opened and new masters were trained in order to revive this art branch that was disappearing by Elazig provincial cultural directorate.
Needle Lace
The history of needle embroidery is quite old in the region. Especially, the lace, which reflects the handicraft, eye light and aesthetic understanding of the Turkish woman, are almost like small art monuments. We can say without hesitation that our lace, which turns the place where it is exhibited into a rose garden and adds a magical beauty to the face it is covered, will not be found anywhere in the world.
Embroidery is an art that a girl who passes from grandmother to grandchild and whose hand can hold a needle, immediately starts to learn. As in yesterday, embroidered manuscripts, which are the fixture of dowry chests, are of paramount importance in terms of our cultural history, with their motifs and the cultural messages given by the way of making, as well as being works of art. As a result of the Elazig needlework and embroidered handwriting competitions and exhibitions, which have been opened by the Elazig Directorate of Culture since 1985, the art of needlework was revived; Market opportunity is provided for our lace. Needle lace, which has been transformed into a functioning structure, has become as famous as the province's kindling in tea and has also become a touristic item that promotes Elazig.
The embroidery, in which the hand-work-eye light is reflected down to the smallest motif, is an art monument born from the combination of the feelings and artistic power of the women who weave it.
In our traditional culture, handwriting needlework, which is a non-verbal speech tool and nearly 200 varieties, made with only a needle and dyed by bleaching silk, continues to live enriched with traditional motifs and new motifs inspired by daily events.
Saddle Making:
Saddle making, which was an important source of livelihood in the years when motor vehicles were not available, lost its former importance to mechanization. But; Saddles and sackcloths are made for mules, donkeys and horses, which are still used in places where transportation is powered by motor vehicles.
Saddles, which are the harnesses of passenger animals, are made of materials such as sackcloth, leather, reed, straw and rope. Mostly black, white and tile colors are used in saddle and sackcloths, and are decorated with beautiful patterns.
Coppersmith
Copperwork, which is among our handicrafts, has a very long history. The bazaar, under the name of Bakırcılar Çarşısı, where there are only shops working on copper, still exists today. However, fabricated aluminum vehicles nowadays decorate the windows of many of these shops.
The hammer and anvil used by coppersmiths are thin and different. Utensils and ornaments are made. Forging, drawing and casting techniques were applied in the productions. Copper pots; It is decorated with scraping, attaching and hammering methods. Leaf, tulip, pomegranate, pomegranate flower, cypress, date palm, branched, flowering rabbit, panther, lion, tiger, wild goat, roe deer, fish, wolf, human figures and inscriptions and geometric patterns are used in decorations.
Cauldron, test, seat, jug, debbe (pot used for roasting), pitcher, style, Oskure (bowl), lunch box, dinner plate, bath bowl, pots with handle, ladle, guşhane (saucepan), pan, colander, coffee pot , clay (container used to carry bath materials), doorknob, etc. items were being made. Since copper kitchen utensils will be tinned after they are made, there was also a tin shop in the coppersmith shop. These furnaces, which were once extremely lively, lost their importance with the loss of the old vitality of coppersmiths.
There are a few tin shops currently available. Harput coppersmithing, which is the subject of songs, was defeated by aluminum, which emerged with the developing technology, and coppersmithing has gained more importance than aluminum.
Feeding:
In Harput, shoes made with traditional methods and techniques are called yemeni. Yemeni (shoe making); It was one of the most important livelihoods of Harput and Elazig until recently. In the old Harput and today's Elazig, there is still a bazaar called the Yemeni Bazaar. Yemen that has sunk into oblivion today; the bottom was made of leather and the upper was made of leather and were extremely useful shoes. Today, although there are requests from the surrounding villages to make the meal, these demands cannot be met since there are no masters to make the meal.
In the Yemeni market where only one Yemeni master is left, now fabricated shoes are sold; some old masters make shoes together with shoe repairs in shops.
The main reason why Yemeni art has begun to be forgotten is that the production of yemeni is laborious and young journeymen and masters are not interested in it.
However, shoe-making is quite common in Elazig, despite the forgetting of edemaking.
Pottery
Pottery art, which is understood to date back to the Paleolithic age in archaeological excavations around Elazig, which is considered to be the oldest art of humanity, has been living in the region for thousands of years.
In Uslu village of Sivrice district, very beautiful pottery and pottery works are still made with traditional methods and by women. There is also a pottery workshop in Elazig city center.
In pottery: water jugs, casseroles, tandoori material and jars come first. Foods such as winter cheese, pickles, fruit pulp, and roasting are kept in cubes. Storage jars where the appendage was preserved and kept were made of clay pots, and cubes used as beehives were also made. Some jars have signs such as relief sun dry, five hooks, sun lake, five spots, human figures.
Relief
We can briefly describe the relief art as the work of adding dimension to the painting. Relief work is done on copper. The subject or figure to be made is drawn on the copper backwards and again, the reverse is beaten on the pitch or sandbag with hammers with different tips. The forging process is continued until a height conforming to the norms is obtained. After these studies are completed, the essence is covered with an organic coating to prevent oxidation.
This is the most important representative of art in Turkey is Harun Taşdemir.